Irakli Tsereteli

Irakli Tsereteli
ირაკლი წერეთელი Ираклий Церетели
Tsereteli in 1917
Minister of Post and Telegraph of the Russian Provisional Government
In office 5 May 1917 – August 1917
Prime Minister	Georgy Lvov
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Alexei Nikitin
Minister of the Interior of the Russian Provisional Government
In office 7 July 1917 – 25 July 1917
Prime Minister	Alexander Kerensky
Preceded by	Georgy Lvov
Succeeded by	Nikolai Avksentiev
Personal details
Born	Irakli Giorgis dze Tsereteli (1881-12-02)2 December 1881 Gorisa, Kutais Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	20 May 1959(1959-05-20) (aged 77) New York City, United States
Resting place	Leuville Cemetery Paris, France
Nationality	Georgian
Political party	Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Social Democratic Party of Georgia

Irakli Tsereteli^[a] (2 December [O.S. 21 November] 1881 – 20 May 1959) was a Georgian politician and a leading spokesman of the Social Democratic Party of Georgia and later Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) during the era of the Russian Revolutions.

Tsereteli was born and raised in Georgia when it was part of the Russian Empire. A member of the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP, Tsereteli was elected to the Duma in 1907, where he gained fame for his oratory abilities. Shortly after entering the Duma, Tsereteli was arrested and charged with conspiracy to overthrow the Tsarist government, and exiled to Siberia. A dedicated Social Democrat who believed in the Menshevik ideology, Tsereteli was one of the leading figures of the movement in Russia. In 1915, during his Siberian exile, Tsereteli formed what would become known as Siberian Zimmerwaldism, which advocated for the role of the Second International in ending the war. He also developed the idea of "Revolutionary Defensism", the concept of a defensive war which only allowed for the defence of territory, and argued it was not being utilized.

Returning to the government in the aftermath of the 1917 February Revolution, he took up a leading position in the Petrograd Soviet and accepted a position in the Russian Provisional Government as Minister of Post and Telegraph, and briefly as Minister of the Interior. Concerned that political fragmentation would lead to a civil war in Russia, Tsereteli strived to broker compromises between the various leftist factions in the Russian Revolution and was the force behind efforts to work together with the middle classes, to no avail. Renowned for his speaking ability, Tsereteli gained appreciation for his ability in this regard, giving impassioned speeches in the Duma and in the Petrograd Soviet.

After the Bolsheviks seized power of the Russian government during the October Revolution, Tsereteli returned to Georgia. He worked as a diplomat at the Paris Peace Conference, where he lobbied for international recognition and assistance for the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia; meaningful assistance largely failed to materialize before the Bolshevik-led Red Army invaded in 1921. An avowed internationalist, Tsereteli grew increasingly distant from the Georgian Mensheviks who gradually adopted more nationalist tendencies. He spent the rest of his life in exile, mainly in France, working with socialist organisations and writing on socialism, and died in New York City in 1959.
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